Resources
Full citations for the research, reports, and data referenced across our FactSheets.
COMMUNITY-BASED MENTAL HEALTH AND ADDICTIONS
[1] Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2025). Taking the pulse: Measuring shared priorities for Canadian health care, 2025. CIHI
[2] Maytree. (2025). Social assistance summaries 2025. https://maytree.com/wp-content/uploads/Social_Assistance_Summaries_2025.pdf
[3] Pinkerton, C. (2025, April 25). More supportive housing could help Ontario’s health system, government-hired firm found. The Trillium. https://www.thetrillium.ca/news/housing/more-supportive-housing-could-help-ontarios-health-system-government-hired-firm-found-10572525
[4] Canadian Mental Health Association, Ontario Division. (2024, January). Maintaining the momentum: Supporting the community mental health and addictions sector – 2024 pre-budget submission. https://ontario.cmha.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CMHAOntario_PrebudgetSubmission_January2024.pdf
[5] Latimer, E. A., Rabouin, D., Cao, Z., Ly, A., Powell, G., Aubry, T., Distasio, J., Hwang, S. W., Somers, J. M., Bayoumi, A. M., Mitton, C., Moodie, E. E. M., Goering, P. N., & At Home/Chez Soi Investigators (2020). Cost-Effectiveness of Housing First With Assertive Community Treatment: Results From the Canadian At Home/Chez Soi Trial. Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.), 71(10), 1020–1030. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000029
[6] Ontario Ministry of Health. (2025, January). Ontario’s primary care action plan. Government of Ontario. Government of Ontario
[7] Corace, K., Willows, M., Schubert, N., Overington, L., Mattingly, S., Clark, E., Leduc, N., Hutton, B., & Hebert, G. (2020). Alcohol Medical Intervention Clinic: A Rapid Access Addiction Medicine Model Reduces Emergency Department Visits. Journal of addiction medicine, 14(2), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000559
Additional sources
Canada, Ministry of Housing, Infrastructure and Communities. (2025, April 30). Deputy Minister of Housing, Infrastructure and Communities—Transition binder (2024): Book 2: State of housing, homelessness and infrastructure in Canada. Government of Canada. Government of Canada
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. (n.d.). Housing shortage an added challenge for people transitioning out of prison, agency says. CBC News
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. (n.d.). META:PHI: How one initiative is increasing access to evidence-based treatments for substance use. CAMH Knowledge Institute
Palatucci, J. S., & Monheit, A. C. (2022). The Impact of Increasing Community-Directed State Mental Health Agency Expenditures on Violent Crime. Community mental health journal, 58(6), 1027–1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-021-00911-9
Fone, Z. S., & Bell, A. (2021). Local access to mental healthcare and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 77, Article 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101860
COMMUNITY SAFETY AND MENTAL HEALTH AND ADDICTIONS
Community safety and mental health and addictions factsheet
[1] Rossa-Roccor, V., Schmid, P., & Steinert, T. (2020). Victimization of people with severe mental illness outside and within the mental health care system: Results on prevalence and risk factors from a multicenter study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, Article 563860. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.563860
[2] Varshney, M., Mahapatra, A., Krishnan, V., Gupta, R., & Deb, K. S. (2016). Violence and mental illness: What is the true story? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(3), 223–225. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-205546
[3] Cohen, E. (2022). The effect of Housing First programs on future homelessness and socioeconomic outcomes (Research Working Paper No. RWP 22-03). Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. https://doi.org/10.18651/RWP2022-03
[4] Charman, M. (2026). What the data says: Mental health, non-criminal calls, and the case for alternative response. Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being, 11(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.504
[5] Transform Drug Policy Foundation. (2023, September 5). Criminalisation does not deter people from taking drugs. https://transformdrugs.org/blog/criminalisation-does-not-deter-people-from-taking-drugs
ENCAMPMENTS AND THE HOUSING CRISIS
[1] Association of Municipalities of Ontario. (2025). Municipalities under pressure: Ending chronic homelessness in Ontario. Association of Municipalities of Ontario
[2] Association of Municipalities of Ontario. (2026). Municipalities under pressure one year later: An update on the human and financial cost of Ontario’s homelessness crisis. Association of Municipalities of Ontario
[3] Government of Ontario. (2025). Ontario’s context. In Ontario’s third action plan under the National Housing Strategy, 2025–2028. Government of Ontario
[4] Ibid
[5] Association of Municipalities of Ontario. (2025). Municipalities under pressure: Ending chronic homelessness in Ontario. Association of Municipalities of Ontario
[6] Canadian Mental Health Association, Ontario. (n.d.). Encampments. CMHA Ontario
Additional Sources
Addictions and Mental Health Ontario. (2025). Unlocking solutions: Understanding and addressing Ontario’s mental health and addictions supportive housing needs. AMHO
HOUSING AND HOMELESSNESS IN ONTARIO
[1] Addictions and Mental Health Ontario. (2025). Unlocking solutions: Understanding and addressing Ontario’s mental health and addictions supportive housing needs. AMHO
[2] Association of Municipalities of Ontario. (2026). Municipalities under pressure one year later: An update on the human and financial cost of Ontario’s homelessness crisis. Association of Municipalities of Ontario
[3] Association of Municipalities of Ontario. (2025). Municipalities under pressure: Ending chronic homelessness in Ontario. Association of Municipalities of Ontario
[4] Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (n.d.). Understanding core housing need. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
[5] Addictions and Mental Health Ontario. (2025). Unlocking solutions: Understanding and addressing Ontario’s mental health and addictions supportive housing needs. AMHO
[6] Government of Ontario. (2025). Ontario’s context. In Ontario’s third action plan under the National Housing Strategy, 2025–2028. Government of Ontario
SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTIONS
[1] Forrest, R., Talarico, R., Waqar, A., & Myran, D. T. (2026). Help-seeking for gambling problems following expansion of Ontario’s online gambling market and legalization of single-event sports betting. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal, 198(8), E281–E290. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.251894
[2] Ontario Drug Policy Research Network. (2026, May). Opioid mortality summary: 2025 Q4. Ontario Drug Policy Research Network. https://odprn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/OCC_Opioid-Mortality-Summary-2025_Q4-May-2026.pdf
[3] Health Canada. (n.d.). Men in trades and substance use. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/men-construction-trades-overdose-crisis-canada/men-trades-substance-use.html
[4] Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms. https://csuch.ca/
[5] Mental Health Research Canada. (2024). Understanding the mental health of Canadians through COVID-19 and beyond. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f31a311d93d0f2e28aaf04a/t/6758554dbd98a04b86ea1fb0/1733842255109/Full+version+MHRC+Mental+Health+During+Covid+and+Beyond+Poll+22.pdf
[6] Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology of internet addiction. (2020). Journal of Behavioral Addictions. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32853626/
[7] Mental Health Research Canada. (2024). Understanding the mental health of Canadians through COVID-19 and beyond. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f31a311d93d0f2e28aaf04a/t/6758554dbd98a04b86ea1fb0/1733842255109/Full+version+MHRC+Mental+Health+During+Covid+and+Beyond+Poll+22.pdf
[8] Corace, K., Willows, M., Schubert, N., Overington, L., Mattingly, S., Clark, E., Leduc, N., Hutton, B., & Hebert, G. (2020). Alcohol Medical Intervention Clinic: A Rapid Access Addiction Medicine Model Reduces Emergency Department Visits. Journal of addiction medicine, 14(2), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000559
Additional sources
Government of Ontario. (2025, January). Homelessness and Addiction Recovery Treatment Hubs (HART Hubs): Reference document. https://www.ontario.ca/page/homelessness-and-addiction-recovery-treatment-hubs-hart-hubs-reference-document-january-2025
Ontario Drug Policy Research Network. (2022). Lives lost to opioid toxicity among Ontarians who worked in the construction industry. https://odprn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Opioid-Toxicity-in-the-Construction-Industry-Report-Final.pdf
Ontario Drug Policy Research Network. (n.d.). Suspect drug-related and drug toxicity deaths in Ontario. Retrieved August 26, 2026, from https://odprn.ca/occ-opioid-and-suspect-drug-related-death-data/
CTV News. (2025, February 11). Drug overdoses in Toronto up nearly 50 per cent since last January, new city data shows. https://www.ctvnews.ca/toronto/article/drug-overdoses-in-toronto-up-nearly-50-per-cent-since-last-january-new-city-data-shows/
CBC News. (2025). Ontario paramedic non-fatal overdose calls rise, data analysis shows. https://www.cbc.ca/news/investigates/ontario-paramedic-non-fatal-overdose-calls-rise-data-analysis-9.7258237
Drug harms in Canada: A multi-criteria decision analysis. (2025). PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41589327/
PressProgress. (n.d.). Alcohol still leading cause of substance-related hospitalizations in Canada, with cannabis now a concerning second. https://pressprogress.ca/alcohol-still-leading-cause-of-substance-related-hospitalizations-in-canada-with-cannabis-now-a-concerning-second/